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Despite being rich in natural resources, Madagascar is among the poorest countries in the world. Political instability, weak institutions, and poor governance have been impediments to the country's economic growth. Amid inflationary pressures associated with increased rice imports, elevated local fuel prices, and the impact of two cyclones causing supply disruptions, the country experienced an economic growth rate of 4% in 2023. In 2024, the minerals sector's development, driven by the new mining code, is anticipated to bolster growth. Public investment will bolster the construction sector through infrastructure projects, notably including the construction of a water pipeline in the south and a new motorway connecting Antananarivo and Toamasina by 2026. However, private consumption is forecasted to remain subdued in 2024. For the year as a whole, the IMF expects growth at 4.8%, followed by 4.7% in 2025.
In 2023, the budget deficit saw a slight reduction (to 5.5%, from 6% one year earlier - Coface), primarily due to higher revenues, including foreign aid and taxes, surpassing expenditures. However, increased losses incurred by the national water and electricity production and distribution company, Jirama, stemming from an accident at a hydroelectric power station in 2022, exerted pressure on the budget balance. To prevent arrears accumulation and ensure electricity supply, the government increased its transfers to Jirama. The implementation of an automatic mechanism for fuel price determination at the year's onset, coupled with reforms to Jirama, is expected to mitigate budgetary risks in 2024. Despite continued high capital spending on government infrastructure projects, revenue from the mining sector and ongoing structural reforms is projected to narrow the budget deficit. Public debt – at 54% of GDP in 2023 according to the IMF - will be maintained at a sustainable level, with the external portion constituting 40% of GDP, primarily held by multilateral institutions, and the domestic portion amounting to 15.3% of GDP, mainly held by state-owned enterprises. In 2022, inflation surged to 8.1%, propelled by increased energy and food costs. To alleviate its impact, the government implemented several measures, including capping the prices of essential goods such as rice, sugar, and cement. Additionally, government employee wages were raised by an average of 17%, and the value-added tax on fuel was reduced from 20% to 15%. Despite these efforts, inflation soared to 10.5% last year. However, it is anticipated to gradually ease over the forecast horizon, reaching 8.1% by 2025 (IMF).
The ILO estimates the unemployment rate in Madagascar in 2022 at 1.9% of the total active population, but Madagascar’s living conditions remain among the lowest in the world. According to the World Bank, poverty concerns around 72.5% of the population, as the pandemic worsened the situation. Malagasy people have a low life expectancy due to poor living conditions, particularly in matters of sanitation and hygiene. In addition, the country remains extremely vulnerable to climate shocks, such as hurricanes, floods, locust infestations, and public health crises.
Main Indicators | 2022 | 2023 (E) | 2024 (E) | 2025 (E) | 2026 (E) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GDP (billions USD) | 15.29 | 15.75 | 16.47 | 17.92 | 19.27 |
GDP (Constant Prices, Annual % Change) | 4.0 | 3.8 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.7 |
GDP per Capita (USD) | 528 | 529 | 538 | 570 | 596 |
General Government Gross Debt (in % of GDP) | 53.4 | 56.6 | 56.1 | 55.6 | 55.9 |
Inflation Rate (%) | 8.2 | 9.9 | 7.8 | 7.3 | 6.9 |
Current Account (billions USD) | -0.82 | -0.71 | -0.79 | -0.85 | -0.90 |
Current Account (in % of GDP) | -5.4 | -4.5 | -4.8 | -4.7 | -4.7 |
Source: IMF – World Economic Outlook Database , Latest available data
Note: (e) Estimated Data
Madagascar is the leading exporter of vanilla in the world. Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, accounts for 21.9% of GDP and employs 70% of the population according to World Bank data (even though the majority of inhabitants practice subsistence farming). The main crop is rice, grown on almost half of the agricultural land. The main other agricultural products are: coffee, sugar cane, cloves, cocoa, cassava, beans, bananas, peanuts, and livestock products. The agricultural sector is limited by low productivity due to the minimal use of modern agricultural techniques, the lack of infrastructure, and great vulnerability to climatic fluctuations, but benefits from numerous ongoing investments aimed at meeting these challenges. Deforestation and erosion, compounded by excessive use of firewood, are of serious concern. The paddy rice harvest is expected to reach 5.8 million tonnes at the end of the 2023/2024 rice-growing season, according to data from the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock. If this forecast materializes, it would represent a 10.53% increase compared to the stock produced a year earlier, confirming the positive momentum of the sector.
The industrial sector contributes 21.7% of GDP and employs 10% of the active population (World Bank). It is dominated by mining (precious stones including rubies, sapphires, emeralds, etc.), textiles, and agro-industry. Other business sectors include soap making, glassware, cement, automotive assembly, paper, and petroleum. The manufacturing sector is rather limited, accounting for only 9% of GDP. The development of the industrial sector is primarily hindered by the lack of infrastructure renovation and the absence of a stable and profitable energy supply for businesses. The Malagasy textile industry is currently under the influence of Mauritius, a historical operator in the clothing sector, which has relocated much of its production to Madagascar to cope with rising production costs in its own country.
The tertiary sector contributes to 47.1% of GDP and employs 20% of the active population. Trade performed well before the global economic slowdown (with growth of around 5% per year), as well as tourism, which is one of the main assets of the country and whose potential is still untapped. According to figures provided by the Ministry of Tourism, Madagascar has welcomed more than 157,000 tourists during the first nine months of 2023.
Breakdown of Economic Activity By Sector | Agriculture | Industry | Services |
---|---|---|---|
Employment By Sector (in % of Total Employment) | 73.9 | 10.4 | 15.7 |
Value Added (in % of GDP) | 22.4 | 22.4 | 48.0 |
Value Added (Annual % Change) | 0.9 | 7.4 | -4.8 |
Source: World Bank - Latest available data.
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Monetary Indicators | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Malagasy Ariary (MGA) - Average Annual Exchange Rate For 1 MUR | 89.37 | 90.37 | 98.27 | 101.92 | 96.27 |
Source: World Bank - Latest available data.
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The Economic freedom index measure ten components of economic freedom, grouped into four broad categories or pillars of economic freedom: Rule of Law (property rights, freedom from corruption); Limited Government (fiscal freedom, government spending); Regulatory Efficiency (business freedom, labour freedom, monetary freedom); and Open Markets (trade freedom, investment freedom, financial freedom). Each of the freedoms within these four broad categories is individually scored on a scale of 0 to 100. A country’s overall economic freedom score is a simple average of its scores on the 10 individual freedoms.
Economic freedom in the world (interactive map)
Source: Index of Economic Freedom, Heritage Foundation
See the country risk analysis provided by Coface.
Foreign trade accounts for 70% of Madagascar’s GDP (World Bank), a country that collects a large share of its revenues in the form of customs duties, import taxes, and VAT on imports. The country is a member of the WTO and COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa) and does not have significant non-tariff barriers. In addition, most products can be imported without an import license. In 2022, the country mainly exported unwrought nickel (24.7%), vanilla cloves (15.1% - traditionally the leading export, Madagascar accounting for a large share of global production), whole fruit, cloves, and stems (7.8%), cobalt mattes and other intermediate products (6.2%), and textiles. Its main imports included petroleum oils (18.0%), rice (5.9%), palm oil and its fractions (2.9%), sulphur (2.8%), and fabrics (2.7% - data Comtrade).
In 2022, Madagascar’s main customers were the United States (16.5%), France (15.7%), China (14.2%), Japan (12.0%), and the Netherlands (4.5%); whereas imports came chiefly from China (21.5%), Oman (11.0%), India (10.0%), South Africa (4.9%), and France (4.8% - data Comtrade). Despite its abundant resources, Madagascar still struggles to channel its trade revenues into further development. Like other island states, Madagascar faces high transportation costs. The lack of well-developed infrastructure makes commercial transactions expensive, hindering private sector competitiveness. However, the country aims to improve logistics at the main ports and airports to improve trade. While the European Union is by far the largest client of Malagasy products, exports to member states of the North American Free Trade Agreement have received a huge boost since 2017 following a decision by the United States to reinstate Madagascar in its trade preference program (Africa Growth and Opportunity Act).
The country's trade balance has been traditionally negative and despite a steady increase in exports, this trend is unlikely to be reversed over the medium-term as imports continue to outpace exports. In 2022, merchandise exports amounted to USD 3.6 billion, while imports reached USD 5.4 billion (WTO). According to data from the Central Bank, in the first nine months of 2023, exports declined by 15.7% y-o-y while imports increased by 15.3%, thus widening the country’s trade deficit, mostly due to the drop in vanilla exports which almost halved.
Foreign Trade Indicators | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Imports of Goods (million USD) | 3,942 | 3,221 | 4,408 | 5,613 | 4,750 |
Exports of Goods (million USD) | 2,696 | 2,026 | 2,726 | 3,721 | 3,213 |
Imports of Services (million USD) | 1,228 | 870 | 1,092 | 1,524 | 0 |
Exports of Services (million USD) | 1,469 | 641 | 654 | 1,142 | 0 |
Imports of Goods and Services (Annual % Change) | 4.6 | -16.6 | 12.7 | 19.8 | n/a |
Exports of Goods and Services (Annual % Change) | 10.9 | -36.6 | 55.0 | 27.5 | n/a |
Imports of Goods and Services (in % of GDP) | 34.2 | 28.9 | 31.7 | 40.1 | n/a |
Exports of Goods and Services (in % of GDP) | 28.4 | 20.1 | 22.8 | 31.1 | n/a |
Trade Balance (million USD) | -844 | -900 | -969 | -970 | n/a |
Trade Balance (Including Service) (million USD) | -603 | -1,129 | -1,407 | -1,352 | n/a |
Foreign Trade (in % of GDP) | 62.6 | 49.0 | 54.5 | 71.2 | n/a |
Source: WTO – World Trade Organisation ; World Bank , Latest Available Data
Main Customers (% of Exports) |
2023 |
---|---|
France | 14.5% |
United States | 12.6% |
Japan | 8.2% |
South Korea | 8.2% |
China | 8.1% |
See More Countries | 48.3% |
Main Suppliers (% of Imports) |
2023 |
---|---|
China | 17.0% |
Oman | 13.5% |
France | 11.2% |
India | 8.7% |
South Africa | 5.5% |
See More Countries | 44.0% |
Source: Comtrade, Latest Available Data
Source: Comtrade, Latest Available Data
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1.1 bn USD of services exported in 2022 | |
---|---|
33.44% | |
Personal travelPersonal travel | 33.00% |
OtherOther | 35.64% |
Business travelBusiness travel | 0.44% |
30.92% | |
21.73% | |
10.44% | |
2.06% | |
0.61% | |
0.46% | |
0.27% | |
0.06% | |
0.02% |
1.5 bn USD of services imported in 2022 | |
---|---|
51.39% | |
14.92% | |
13.00% | |
11.48% | |
Personal travelPersonal travel | 10.77% |
OtherOther | 37.14% |
Business travelBusiness travel | 0.71% |
5.71% | |
1.11% | |
0.89% | |
0.65% | |
0.54% | |
0.31% |
Source: United Nations Statistics Division, Latest Available Data
The world rankings, published annually, measures violations of press freedom worldwide. It reflects the degree of freedom enjoyed by journalists, the media and digital citizens of each country and the means used by states to respect and uphold this freedom. Finally, a note and a position are assigned to each country. To compile this index, Reporters Without Borders (RWB) prepared a questionnaire incorporating the main criteria (44 in total) to assess the situation of press freedom in a given country. This questionnaire was sent to partner organisations,150 RWB correspondents, journalists, researchers, jurists and human rights activists. It includes every kind of direct attacks against journalists and digital citizens (murders, imprisonment, assault, threats, etc.) or against the media (censorship, confiscation, searches and harassment etc.).
The Indicator of Political Freedom provides an annual evaluation of the state of freedom in a country as experienced by individuals. The survey measures freedom according to two broad categories: political rights and civil liberties. The ratings process is based on a checklist of 10 political rights questions (on Electoral Process, Political Pluralism and Participation, Functioning of Government) and 15 civil liberties questions (on Freedom of Expression, Belief, Associational and Organizational Rights, Rule of Law, Personal Autonomy and Individual Rights). Scores are awarded to each of these questions on a scale of 0 to 4, where a score of 0 represents the smallest degree and 4 the greatest degree of rights or liberties present. The total score awarded to the political rights and civil liberties checklist determines the political rights and civil liberties rating. Each rating of 1 through 7, with 1 representing the highest and 7 the lowest level of freedom, corresponds to a range of total scores.
Political freedom in the world (interactive map)
Source: Freedom in the World Report, Freedom House
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Latest Update: May 2024