Ireland: Investing

FDI in Figures

Ireland is an attractive destination for investment but inflows are highly volatile as they are dependent on the activities of large multinational companies that are present in the country. According to UNCTAD's World Investment Report 2024, FDI inflows to the country were negative by USD 9.4 billion in 2023. At the end of the same period, the total stock of FDI stood at USD 1.41 trillion. Due to the different calculation methods, the figures from the CSO are slightly divergent: as per the national statistics agency, the stock of direct investment in Ireland decreased from EUR 1,350 billion at the end of 2022 to EUR 1,300 billion at the end of 2023. Decreased investment from Europe (EUR 49.3 billion) and the US (EUR 15 billion) was partially offset by increases in investment from other regions. At the end of 2023, Ireland had net foreign liabilities of EUR 51.6 billion, up by EUR 87.6 billion from EUR 139 billion at the end of 2022. When broken down by investing countries (immediate owner principal), the majority of the stock is held by the U.S. (39.6%), offshore financial centres (15.3%), the Netherlands (11.6%), and Switzerland (7.1%). Overall, the EU accounts for 23% of the stock. The services sector is the largest for inward investment in Ireland, with the investment position reaching EUR 851 billion at the end of 2023, an increase of EUR 14.9 billion from the end of 2022. Investment in financial intermediation grew from EUR 368 billion to EUR 384 billion, while investment in information and communication fell from EUR 201 billion to EUR 189 billion. Investment in the manufacturing sector declined by EUR 65.7 billion, reaching a stock position of EUR 447 billion. According to the latest figures from the OECD, FDI inflows into Ireland were negative by USD 25 billion in the first semester of 2024.

The Irish government actively promotes FDI and has had considerable success in attracting investment. One of Ireland’s many attractive features as an FDI destination is its favourable 12.5% corporate tax, the second-lowest in the European Union. Other reasons to invest in Ireland include the high quality and flexibility of the English-speaking workforce; the availability of a multilingual labour force; cooperative labour relations; political stability; and pro-business government policies and regulators. Additional positive features include a transparent judicial system; extensive transportation links; and proximity to the United States and Europe. Conversely, Ireland faces challenges in its efforts to attract investment, including relatively high labour and operating costs, particularly in energy. Skilled labour shortages pose another obstacle, along with a slow and burdensome planning permit system and concerns about eurozone risk. Infrastructure deficiencies, such as those in transportation, affordable housing, energy, and broadband internet, also dampen its attractiveness. The Screening of Third Country Transactions Act 2023 (the "STCT Act") was enacted into law on October 31, 2023, ushering in a new investment screening framework in Ireland. The act came into effect on 6 January 2025, granting the Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment authority to examine, impose conditions on, and potentially block FDI transactions across various scenarios, contingent upon security and public order considerations. Ireland’s good investment environment is confirmed by the fact that it ranks 22nd among the 132 economies on the Global Innovation Index 2023 and 3rd out of 184 countries on the latest Index of Economic Freedom.

Foreign Direct Investment	2020	2021	2022
FDI Inward Flow (million USD)	76,572	-4,930	1,490
FDI Stock (million USD)	1,384,691	1,394,868	1,408,749
Number of Greenfield Investments*	248	291	331
Value of Greenfield Investments (million USD)	12,022	9,569	26,533

Source: UNCTAD, Latest data available.

Note: * Greenfield Investments are a form of Foreign Direct Investment where a parent company starts a new venture in a foreign country by constructing new operational facilities from the ground up.

FDI STOCKS BY COUNTRY AND FDI FLOWS BY INDUSTRY

Main Investing Countries	2022, in %
United States	38.4
Offshore Centres	18.1
Netherlands	12.5
Luxembourg	10.7
Switzerland	9.9
Japan	2.7
United Kingdom	2.1

Main Invested Sectors	2022, in %
Manufacturing	41.6
Financial intermediation	25.4
Information and communication	15.8
Administrative and support activities	7.2
Insurance services	2.0
Wholesale and retail trade; repairs of motor vehicles	0.0

Source: Central Statistics Office, Latest data available.

Main Foreign Companies: As of Jan 2020, Ireland welcomed over 1,500 international companies employing a combined total of over 250,000 people in Ireland. Examples include Intel, Yahoo, Adobe, Apple, etc.
Sources of Statistics: Central Statistics Office

What to consider if you invest in Ireland

Strong Points

Ireland's strong points include:

Strong and tightly knit industrial and tertiary fabric
One of the lowest corporate tax rate in Europe
Young, skilled and multilingual workforce
Competitive economy, with pro-business government policies and regulators
Modern infrastructure
One of the lowest unemployment rates in Europe
Strong and stable domestic demand, notably thanks to high wages and living standards.

Weak Points

Ireland's weak points in term of FDI attractiveness include:

The economy is voluntarily very open internationally and therefore highly dependent on the European economy (especially on the UK) as well as the strategies of multinationals that are currently attracted by favourable taxation
The economy is highly dependent on the activities of multinationals: their offshore business, mainly in the form of contract to manufacture abroad, accounts for a quarter of GDP and has a great deal of weight in the labour market
Exposure to the consequences of Brexit
High labor and operating costs
Internal market is relatively small and is under increasing pressure on labour costs
Banking sector remains vulnerable to shocks and the level of public and private debt remains high.

Government Measures to Motivate or Restrict FDI

For years, the Irish Government has actively promoted foreign direct investment (FDI). Ireland provides an attractive taxation framework for foreign investors and has one of the lowest taxation rates in the European Union. This strategy has fuelled robust economic growth since the late 1990s.

More recently, the Government has focused on Ireland’s international competitiveness by encouraging companies with foreign investments to increase their research and development (R&D) activities and to provide goods and services with higher added value. The United Kingdom’s departure from the EU (Brexit) leaves Ireland as the only remaining English-speaking country in the EU, an asset for the country.

Several state organisations promote investment inflows:

The Irish government provides aid grants through its investment organizations, which will only pay grant aid after the foreign investors have achieved externally audited performance targets.

The government has invested heavily in ambitious programs to attract the best researchers specialised in business. Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) is the state science agency that has been responsible for administering Ireland’s R&D funding.
In the same vein, by investing in the entrepreneurial ecosystem, the state seeks to attract entrepreneurs to Ireland who wish to create start-ups with a strong international orientation.

Protection of Foreign Investment

Bilateral Investment Conventions Signed By Ireland: To see the list of investment treaties signed by Ireland, consult UNCTAD's International Investment Agreements Navigator.
International Controversies Registered By UNCTAD: Refer to UNCTAD's Investment Dispute Settlement Navigator.
Organizations Offering Their Assistance in Case of Disagreement: ICCWBO , International Court of Arbitration, International Chamber of Commerce
ICSID , International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes
Member of the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency: Ireland is a signatory of the MIGA convention.

Country Comparison For the Protection of Investors	Ireland	OECD	United States	Germany
Index of Transaction Transparency*	9.0	6.5	7.0	5.0
Index of Manager’s Responsibility**	8.0	5.3	9.0	5.0
Index of Shareholders’ Power***	9.0	7.3	9.0	5.0

Source: The World Bank - Doing Business, Latest data available.

Procedures Relative to Foreign Investment

Freedom of Establishment: Foreign companies and investors have the same rights as local ones. In fact, the Irish investment regime remains among the least restrictive in the world.
Acquisition of Holdings: Foreign and local investors enjoy the same rights. In case of state-owned Irish companies, however, residents may be given priority in share allocations over all other investors.
Obligation to Declare: A formal screening process for foreign investment in Ireland is still being developed. Any company incorporated abroad that establishes a branch in Ireland must file register with the Companies Registration Office. The registration must take place within one month of the establishment of the branch in the country.
Competent Organisation For the Declaration: IDA
Companies Registration Office
Requests For Specific Authorisations: Potential investors are required to examine the environmental impact of the proposed project and to meet with Irish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) officials.

Office Real Estate and Land Ownership

Possible Temporary Solutions: Companies can temporarily rent a fully equipped office on various online sites: Instant Offices, CoWorker, Irish Office Space, etc.
The Possibility of Buying Land and Industrial and Commercial Buildings: Citizens of countries other than Ireland and other EU member states can acquire land for private residential purposes and for industrial purposes. Under Section 45 of the Land Act, 1965, all non-EU nationals must obtain the written consent of the Land Commission before acquiring an interest in agricultural land, though there are many stud farms and racing facilities in Ireland that are owned by foreign nationals. There are no restrictions on the acquisition of urban land.
Risk of Expropriation: Private property is normally expropriated only for public purposes in a non-discriminatory manner and in accordance with established principles of international law. State condemnations of private property are carried out in accordance with recognized principles of due process.

Investment Aid

Forms of Aid

Grant aid to investors may be given for capital equipment, land, buildings, training, and R&D. Such grants will be paid by the Irish investment organizations only after the foreign investors have achieved externally audited performance targets (generally related to criteria such as employment creation, sales, profitability, exports, etc.).

Privileged Domains

The government strategy is aimed at increasing the number of workers in technology-intensive, high-value sectors.

Privileged Geographical Zones

IDA Ireland supported the construction of business parks in counties Galway and Louth, especially for the biotechnology sector.

Free-trade zones

The Shannon duty-free Processing Zone: companies operating in the Shannon Free Zone are entitled to the following benefits: goods imported from non-EU countries for storage, handling or processing are duty-free; no duty on goods exported from Shannon to non- EU countries; no time limit on disposal of goods held duty-free; minimum customs documentation and formalities; no Value Added Tax (VAT) on imported goods, including capital equipment; choice of having import duty on non-EU product calculated on its landing value or selling-out price. Foreign-owned firms in the Shannon Free Zone have the same investment opportunities as indigenous Irish companies.
IDA Ireland actively encourages investment in regions outside the two main urban centers of Dublin and Cork. For detailed information, consult Enterprise Ireland's Regional Plan.

Public aid and funding organisations


European Regional Development Fund
Udaras na Gaeltachta

Investment Opportunities

The Key Sectors of the National Economy: Household and consumer goods; drugs and pharmaceuticals; electrical power systems; building products, franchising, medical equipment, computer software, information and communication technologies, agricultural sector.
High Potential Sectors: Advanced manufacturing projects in information and communication technologies (ICTs), pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals, medical technologies, engineering and consumer products.
High value-added international services, software, video games, shared services and customer support activities.
Privatization Programmes: Ireland does not have a formal privatisation program at the moment. However, the government is reducing its participation in the banking sector, and measures were taken to open the employment services, bus transport and water sectors. The Irish government previously declared it may sell the electricity generating arm of Electric Ireland as well as some non-strategic elements of the gas supply company Ervia, but no plan has been implemented yet.
Tenders, Projects and Public Procurement: Etenders , Irish Public Tenders
Tenders Info , Tenders in Ireland
Ted - Tenders Electronic daily , Business opportunities in EU 27

Sectors Where Investment Opportunities Are Fewer

Monopolistic Sectors: Several state-owned enterprises operate in the energy, broadcasting, and transportation sectors. However, all of them are open to competition for market share.

Finding Assistance For Further Information

Investment Aid Agency: IDA (Ireland's inward investment promotion agency)
Enterprise Ireland
Udaras na Gaeltachta
Other Useful Resources: Why Invest in Ireland - Industrial Development Agency of Ireland
Department of Business, Enterprise and Innovation
Investing in Ireland - Irish Chamber of Commerce Singapour
Doing Business Guides: Investing in Ireland (Deloitte)
Ireland Country Commercial Guide - trade.gov

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