Economic and Political Overview

flag Burkina Faso Burkina Faso: Economic and Political Overview

In this page: Economic Indicators | Foreign Trade in Figures | Sources of General Economic Information | Political Outline

 

Economic Indicators

Burkina Faso is a low-income Sahel country with scarce natural resources, relying on agriculture and gold mining. In recent years, it witnessed robust economic growth driven by gold and cotton production. However, the trajectory was disrupted by the coronavirus crisis followed by political and security challenges (including the 2022 coup, which led to a significant decline in international development funding and private sector investment) that had adverse effects. On January 28, 2024, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger announced their withdrawal from ECOWAS, effective in January 2025. They remain in WAEMU and, on July 6, 2024, signed the Treaty forming the Confederation of Sahel States. These developments have increased political uncertainty. Meanwhile, Burkina Faso's transitional government under President Traoré was extended for five years from July 2, 2024. After growing 3% in 2023, GDP expanded an estimated 3.7% in 2024 thanks to a higher-than-average cereal crop and a recovery in the industrial sector. If security remains unchanged and ECOWAS withdrawal is orderly, limiting trade impacts outside WAEMU, growth could stabilise at around 4.0% in 2025-26 (World Bank).

Fiscal performance remains solid, driven by strong revenue collection, with the deficit expected to improve from 6.5% of GDP in 2023 to 5% in 2024. Meanwhile, the financial sector weakened due to lower capital adequacy and rising non-performing loans. The fiscal deficit was mainly funded through domestic borrowing from the regional market, where rising interest rates pushed public debt from 55.9% in 2023 to 57.4% in 2024. Despite fiscal consolidation efforts, the WAEMU 3% GDP deficit ceiling is unlikely to be met in the next 2-3 years, with public debt expected to rise until 2026 (World Bank). After dropping to 0.7% in 2023, inflation surged to an estimated 3.4% in 2024, driven by food price spikes due to security issues, supply constraints, and irregular rainfall. Regional inflation is expected to align with the WAEMU target by 2025. Burkina Faso's economy is hindered by its faulty infrastructure, including electrical infrastructure, and vulnerability to the volatility of oil import prices as well as gold and cotton prices. In the medium term, the country will have to modernize its public affairs management, readjust public finances, reform the financial system, and improve the business climate. Burkina Faso is considered to have a high risk of over-indebtedness, as it is extremely dependent on foreign aid.

According to the World Bank, after rising in 2021-22 due to food price inflation, extreme poverty remains above 26%. Urban poverty slightly declined in 2024, driven by industry and services growth. The humanitarian situation remains critical, with over 2 million displaced and 2.7 million (11.9% of the population) facing severe food insecurity from June to August 2024. The latest estimates from the World Bank point to a 4.2% unemployment rate; however, the informal sector accounts for a large part of GDP in Burkina Faso, with around 70% of total non-agricultural employment.

 
Main Indicators 2023 (E)2024 (E)2025 (E)2026 (E)2027 (E)
GDP (billions USD) 20.2821.8623.5625.3627.15
GDP (Constant Prices, Annual % Change) 3.15.55.85.04.9
GDP per Capita (USD) 8679089529971,038
General Government Gross Debt (in % of GDP) 55.957.456.054.852.8
Inflation Rate (%) 0.72.12.02.02.0
Current Account (billions USD) -1.63-0.84-0.28-0.020.02
Current Account (in % of GDP) -8.0-3.8-1.2-0.10.1

Source: IMF – World Economic Outlook Database , Latest available data

Note: (e) Estimated Data

Main Sectors of Industry

The economy of Burkina Faso is primarily based on agriculture, as the sector contributes approximately 16.3% to Burkina Faso’s GDP and engages nearly one-quarter of the workforce (World Bank, latest data available, although the vast majority of the population is engaged in subsistence farming).  Approximately 26% of the population practices subsistence farming, with cotton being the primary cash crop, accounting for a substantial portion of export earnings. Other cash crops include groundnuts, shea nuts, and sesame, while staple crops encompass pearl millet, sorghum, maize, and rice. According to FAO, in 2024, cereal production was estimated at 5.2 million tonnes, 3% above the five-year average. Effective government support, including timely seed and fertiliser distribution and free ploughing services, boosted yields nationwide, particularly in western and southern regions. Rapid lowland development also enabled rice farming. In conflict-affected areas, land access improved slightly from last year, but ongoing insecurity, especially in Sahel, Est, Nord, and Centre-Nord, continued to limit productivity, causing localised shortfalls.

Burkina Faso's industrial sector is relatively small and nascent, contributing 29.3% of GDP and 22.6% of employment. Key subsectors comprise agro-processing, textiles, and mining. Agro-processing involves the conversion of agricultural products like cotton, shea nuts, and cereals into value-added goods such as textiles, edible oils, and processed foods, facing constraints like inadequate infrastructure and limited financing access. Textiles, historically vital to Burkina Faso's industry, have experienced a decline due to competition from cheaper imports and insufficient modernization investment. The manufacturing sector accounts for 11% of GDP (World Bank). Furthermore, the mining sector, particularly gold mining, has witnessed substantial growth, attracting foreign investment and significantly contributing to export earnings and government revenue (gold comprises almost three-quarters of exports, as the country also stands as Africa's 3rd largest producer of gold).

The services sector constitutes 43.6% of GDP and employs 46% of the total workforce. The finance sector is gradually expanding, with banks and microfinance institutions broadening access to financial services, although challenges such as limited credit access and financial inclusion persist, especially in rural areas. Burkina Faso's financial system comprises 13 commercial banks, 3 banking-like institutions, 16 insurance and reinsurance companies, and 153 licensed microfinance entities. Banks dominate the sector, with the four largest holding nearly 65% of total assets under BCEAO control. While still emerging, tourism presents significant growth potential.

 
Breakdown of Economic Activity By Sector Agriculture Industry Services
Employment By Sector (in % of Total Employment) 31.4 22.6 46.0
Value Added (in % of GDP) 16.3 29.3 43.6
Value Added (Annual % Change) 1.1 5.3 4.6

Source: World Bank - Latest available data.

 

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Monetary Indicators 20162017201820192020
CFA Franc BCEAO (XOF) - Average Annual Exchange Rate For 1 MUR 16.6816.8816.3816.5014.63

Source: World Bank - Latest available data.

 
 

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Indicator of Economic Freedom

Definition:

The Economic freedom index measure ten components of economic freedom, grouped into four broad categories or pillars of economic freedom: Rule of Law (property rights, freedom from corruption); Limited Government (fiscal freedom, government spending); Regulatory Efficiency (business freedom, labour freedom, monetary freedom); and Open Markets (trade freedom, investment freedom, financial freedom). Each of the freedoms within these four broad categories is individually scored on a scale of 0 to 100. A country’s overall economic freedom score is a simple average of its scores on the 10 individual freedoms.

Score:
56,5/100
World Rank:
124
Regional Rank:
21

Economic freedom in the world (interactive map)
Source: Index of Economic Freedom, Heritage Foundation

 
 

Country Risk

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Foreign Trade in Figures

Burkina Faso is open to foreign trade, which represents 65% of the country’s GDP (World Bank, latest available data). As part of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), Burkina Faso has regulated its tariff structure. Goods produced in the Union are exempt from import tax. However, internal and external crises (in neighbouring Mali), as well as the actions of radical groups in the Sahel, have had a negative impact on trade and the industrial outlook. Gold is the main export (78.8% of total exports in 2023). Burkina Faso is one of the largest exporters of cotton in West Africa, and its production of cotton has quadrupled in the past ten years. However, the commodity has seen its share in exports decrease from 15.8% of total exports in 2016 to 5.6% in 2023 (Comtrade). The country’s main imports are petroleum oils (34.2%), cement (3.5%), electrical energy (3.3%), medicaments (3.1%), and rice (2%).

Burkina Faso's main export partners are Switzerland (67.6%), United Arab Emirates (8.5%), Mali (6.0%), Ivory Coast (3.0%), India (1.9%), Ghana (1.8%), and Singapore (1.8%); whereas imports come chiefly from Ivory Coast (13.9%), China (13.7%), France (7.4%), Ghana (6.4%), and India (5.7% - data Comtrade for 2023)

Burkina Faso’s trade balance is structurally negative, but the trade deficit has been decreasing gradually over the past years due to increased gold and cotton exports and lower imports. The trade balance recorded a deficit estimated at 7.1% of GDP in 2023, from 1.4% one year earlier (World Bank). In the same year, the country exported USD 4.3 billion worth of goods, against USD 5.8 billion in imports (-4.6% and +6.5% year-on-year, respectively - WTO). According to figures from the National Statistics Institute, in the first three quarters of 2024, exports totalled XOF 2,510 billion, up by 25.5% year-on-year; while imports reached XOF 2,832 billion (+8.8%).

 
Foreign Trade Indicators 20192020202120222023
Imports of Goods (million USD) 4,2844,1264,6145,5045,863
Exports of Goods (million USD) 3,2394,3725,0434,5184,309
Imports of Services (million USD) 1,4611,2621,4161,582n/a
Exports of Services (million USD) 540509556495n/a
Imports of Goods and Services (Annual % Change) 3.41.57.56.112.8
Exports of Goods and Services (Annual % Change) 0.111.913.4-8.4-2.2
Imports of Goods and Services (in % of GDP) 31.229.029.633.136.0
Exports of Goods and Services (in % of GDP) 29.331.832.831.728.9
Trade Balance (million USD) 3661,3301,259-6n/a
Trade Balance (Including Service) (million USD) -555577399-947n/a
Foreign Trade (in % of GDP) 60.460.762.464.864.8

Source: WTO – World Trade Organisation ; World Bank , Latest Available Data

 

Main Partner Countries

Main Customers
(% of Exports)
2023
Switzerland 67.6%
United Arab Emirates 8.5%
Mali 6.0%
Ivory Coast 3.0%
India 1.9%
See More Countries 13.0%
Main Suppliers
(% of Imports)
2023
Ivory Coast 13.9%
China 13.7%
Russia 8.9%
France 7.4%
Ghana 6.4%
See More Countries 49.7%

Source: Comtrade, Latest Available Data

 
 

Main Products

4.5 bn USD of products exported in 2023
Gold, incl. gold plated with platinum, unwrought...Gold, incl. gold plated with platinum, unwrought or not further worked than semi-manufactured or in powder form 78.8%
Cotton, neither carded nor combedCotton, neither carded nor combed 5.6%
Other oil seeds and oleaginous fruits, whether or...Other oil seeds and oleaginous fruits, whether or not broken (excl. edible nuts, olives, soya beans, groundnuts, copra, linseed, rape or colza seeds and sunflower seeds) 3.0%
Coconuts, brazil nuts and cashew nuts, fresh or...Coconuts, brazil nuts and cashew nuts, fresh or dried, whether or not shelled or peeled 2.7%
Cement, incl. cement clinkers, whether or not...Cement, incl. cement clinkers, whether or not coloured 2.4%
See More Products 7.6%
5.9 bn USD of products imported in 2023
Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous...Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals (excl. crude); preparations containing >= 70% by weight of petroleum oils or of oils obtained from bituminous minerals, these oils being the basic constituents of the preparations, n.e.s.; waste oils containing mainly petroleum or bituminous minerals 34.2%
Cement, incl. cement clinkers, whether or not...Cement, incl. cement clinkers, whether or not coloured 3.5%
Electrical energyElectrical energy 3.3%
Medicaments consisting of mixed or unmixed...Medicaments consisting of mixed or unmixed products for therapeutic or prophylactic uses, put up in measured doses "incl. those in the form of transdermal administration" or in forms or packings for retail sale (excl. goods of heading 3002, 3005 or 3006) 3.1%
RiceRice 2.0%
See More Products 53.9%

Source: Comtrade, Latest Available Data

 
 

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Main Services

Source: United Nations Statistics Division, Latest Available Data

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Sources of General Economic Information

Ministries
Ministry of the Economy, Finance and Forward Planning
Ministry of the Civil Service, Labour and Social Protection
Statistical Office
National Institute of Statistics and Demography
Central Bank
Central Bank of West African States
Stock Exchange
Bourse Régionale des Valeurs Mobilières (BRVM)
Search Engines
Google Burkina Faso
YellowPages of Africa
Economic Portals
BBC News - Burkina Faso
Le Pays (in French)

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Political Outline

Current Political Leaders
President (interim): Ibrahim TRAORE (since 30 September 2022)
Prime Minister: Joachim KYLEM DE TAMBELA (since 21 October 2022)
Next Election Dates
Next elections to be confirmed by the transition government.
Main Political Parties
Following the January 2022 coup, the military suspended political activities temporarily but later allowed some resumption. Before the coup, the main political parties in Burkina Faso were:

- Peoples Movement for Progress (MPP)
- African Democratic Rally/Alliance for Democracy and Federation (ADF/RDA)
- Union for Progress and Reform (UPC)
- Congress for Democracy and Progress (CDP)
- Act Together (AT)
- Convergence for Progress and Solidarity-Generation 3 (CPS-G3)
- Movement for the Future Burkina Faso (MBF)
- National Convention for Progress (CNP)
- New Era for Democracy (NTD)
- Pan-African Alliance for Refoundation (APR)
- Party for Democracy and Socialism/Metba (PDS/Metba)
- Party for Development and Change (PDC)
- Patriotic Rally for Integrity (RPI)
- Progressives United for Renewal (PUR)
- Union for Rebirth - Sankarist Party (UNIR-PS).
Type of State
Presidential republic. As of 2025, Burkina Faso remains under military rule, and the transition back to a civilian-led presidential republic has been repeatedly delayed.
Executive Power
Before the 2022 coup and the ad hoc suspension of laws and constitutional provisions, the president was elected directly by an absolute majority popular vote in two rounds if necessary, serving a 5-year term and eligible for a second term. The last presidential election took place on 22 November 2020. The next scheduled election was to be held by July 2024, but it might be delayed by the transitional government due to security concerns. The prime minister was appointed by the president with the consent of the National Assembly.
Legislative Power
Before the coup and the temporary suspension of laws and constitutional provisions in 2022, the unicameral National Assembly comprised 127 seats. Among these, 111 members were directly elected across 13 multi-seat constituencies through a party-list proportional representation vote, while 26 members were elected nationwide through proportional representation voting. Members served 5-year terms. In 2022, a 71-member Transitional Legislative Assembly (ALT) was appointed indefinitely by the military junta, effectively replacing the National Assembly.
 

Indicator of Freedom of the Press

Definition:

The world rankings, published annually, measures violations of press freedom worldwide. It reflects the degree of freedom enjoyed by journalists, the media and digital citizens of each country and the means used by states to respect and uphold this freedom. Finally, a note and a position are assigned to each country. To compile this index, Reporters Without Borders (RWB) prepared a questionnaire incorporating the main criteria (44 in total) to assess the situation of press freedom in a given country. This questionnaire was sent to partner organisations,150 RWB correspondents, journalists, researchers, jurists and human rights activists. It includes every kind of direct attacks against journalists and digital citizens (murders, imprisonment, assault, threats, etc.) or against the media (censorship, confiscation, searches and harassment etc.).

World Rank:
37/180
 

Indicator of Political Freedom

Definition:

The Indicator of Political Freedom provides an annual evaluation of the state of freedom in a country as experienced by individuals. The survey measures freedom according to two broad categories: political rights and civil liberties. The ratings process is based on a checklist of 10 political rights questions (on Electoral Process, Political Pluralism and Participation, Functioning of Government) and 15 civil liberties questions (on Freedom of Expression, Belief, Associational and Organizational Rights, Rule of Law, Personal Autonomy and Individual Rights). Scores are awarded to each of these questions on a scale of 0 to 4, where a score of 0 represents the smallest degree and 4 the greatest degree of rights or liberties present. The total score awarded to the political rights and civil liberties checklist determines the political rights and civil liberties rating. Each rating of 1 through 7, with 1 representing the highest and 7 the lowest level of freedom, corresponds to a range of total scores.

Ranking:
Partly Free
Political Freedom:
4/7

Political freedom in the world (interactive map)
Source: Freedom in the World Report, Freedom House

 

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Latest Update: June 2025